Describe fully how corporate governance has developed in the UK from Essay

Describe fully how corporate governance has developed in the UK from the early 1990's to the present day, outlining as appropriate the key influences on the development - Essay Example The Cadbury Report came up with a significant number of recommendations. Amongst the most important ones were the separation of the role of chairman and chief executive, an increase in the number of non-executive directors on the board of a company, the selection process of non-executive directors and the need for good internal controls over the operations of a company. The issue of thick amounts being paid out as director’s salary and share options being granted to the top management led to the issuance of the Greenbury Report in 1995. The report recommended the creation of a remuneration committee comprising of non-executive directors (BOURNE 2007). The purpose of this committee was to determine the pay of executive directors. Moreover, the report required extensive disclosure in the financial statements about directors’ salary and other benefits granted to them by the company. In early 1996, a committee by the name of Hampel Committee was established to determine whether the principles laid down by the Cadbury and Greenbury Reports were even put into practice by companies or not. The Hampel Committee came up with the Hampel Report which led to the eventual publication of the much famous Combined Code of Corporate Governance in 1998. The Combined Code covered a lot of important areas like director’s remuneration, accounts and auditing, company’s dealings with major or institutional shareholders, operations of the board of directors and the responsibilities of institutional shareholders. The Code applied to all the listed companies in the UK from almost the start of 1999 till November ’03 when the Revised Code was issued. The Combined Code also required companies to provide a statement in their annual reports telling how they have complied with the principles laid down in the code (LYSANDROU 2007). There was much confusion over how companies should implement the teachings of various codes into their business.

Gender, Culture and the Media Essay Example for Free

Gender, Culture and the Media Essay Media, in the context required, is a term used to define an interactive transmission that is visualized and then especially designed to reach a large audience, for e. g. a whole nation. These audiences, however, are very different from one another, depending on their culture and gender identities. The variance in culture and sexual identities, have an obvious impact on media which is why there is a dire need for exploring the relationship between the two. The most important tool in exploring and understanding the relationship between media and culture is communication. This is because communication plays a very effective role in the manner through which interaction is carried out with the masses (Gaunlett, 2002). For this purpose, extreme emphasis is given to the cultural differences that may occur. Such is the case of international campaigns or chains of restaurants; whenever they want to promote any product, they have to consider the differences, and keeping these differences in mind, they alter their product accordingly for e. g. , McDonalds in India, do not usually serve their people beef burgers as cow is sacred to them. Likewise, Indian people can relate more to it than others who are just viewing this product on an Indian channel. On this note, I would like to add that it is also a TV channel’s responsibility to be aware of the ethics with regard to culture. Although, media is known to show us situation and relationships from other people’s point-of-view, the impact is originated from a certain culture or social class, for that matter. However, it has been changing from time to time with the global development. So, we can say that the relationship between media and gender today, is different from how it was years ago. The reason is because people’s thought have changed in the passing years, the role models have changed and the attitudes of people have changed, which without doubt influences media. It is for these contemporary audiences that the media has to alter whatever it promotes, in the manner that is much acceptable to them. The rest is mere perception on the audience’s part. Talking about the perception of various people and how they interact with things like talk shows, MTV, the Internet, soap operas, television sitcoms, dramatic series etc. , it is very likely to notice that the people interact with the media on the basis of their culture and gender identities (Dines, 2008). An example is that of Lorillard’s Newport cigarettes, introduced in 1957, which after its struggle period in the early stages of introduction, became very popular with the African American crowd. Another comment on the same example is that Newport cigarettes contain menthol, which is supposed to be associated with women mostly. Relating this with media, the advertisements for this brand also focused on African American people in the beginning, as they had identified them as their target market. With the change in society and changing views of people, Newport gained its market recognition and broadened their target market and today it owns a most coveted place in the tobacco industry. In the society that we live in today, people dedicate a lot of time to television, magazines, surfing the net, and other publications. As a result, it is very inevitable to say that they come across culture and advertising almost everyday. Among these people, a large segment belongs to the younger generation, who are particularly sensitive and relatively effected much easily by the same. Childhood culture is an inter-textual universe which connects TV programs to movies, videogames, toys, T-shirts, shoes, games, crayons, coloring books, bed linens and towels, pencil cases, lunch boxes etc. This is where the impact part comes into play, which media has on children and that which the children have on the media (Geertz, 1977). One of the greatest impacts of the above stated example on media is that when a television program (for kids) is produced, a lot of things have to be taken into consideration. Not too much violence, abusive language or false imagery should be used. As far as sexual identity is concerned, men and women have different views, likes and dislikes, regarding different things. Women are more likely to read magazines like Gourmet, Culinary Trends, Bon Appetite, Food and Wine etc. Lately, men have also developed a similar trend in reading magazines but there choices are those like Extreme Sports, Chicago Sports, and Sports Illustration etc. Another aspect is that of men leading the global scene. When it comes to voiceovers, men dominate, regardless of the product. Men continue to work in their late ages on screen whereas women tend to disappear in their late thirties. Facial lines and grey hair are considered to be signs of maturity in males, while the same would pronounce females ‘old’ and not fit for TV (Buikema, 2009). On the other hand, it is also reported to have said that with the developing sense of equality with regard to sexes, the Times magazine cover wondered if feminism was dead in June 1998. To sum up, the media shows us situations and relationships from other people’s point-of-view and we begin to think that we can now see ‘how the world works’, in lives other than our own. Soap-operas showing how neighbors, friends and lovers interact with each other are not behaviors that the media has created by itself. It is the likes of people that have affected media to follow the same. That too, varies from culture to culture. Some counties believe in open cultures while others observe closed culture where too much intimacy and involvement is not look upon as appropriate. People claim that the reference points for them are film and TV but actually it’s the way round- people, their cultures and genders influence upon the way they interact with the media. References: Buikema, R. , Tuin I. , (2008), â€Å"Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture†. Routledge Dines G. , McMahon J. , (2008), â€Å"Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-reader†. Sage Publications Gauntlett D. , (2002), â€Å"Media, Gender, and Identity: An Introduction†. Routledge Geertz, C. (1977). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books

The Chosen :: essays research papers

Plot Summary of The Chosen The action of The Chosen unfolds in the immigrant community of Williamsburg, Brooklyn, against the backdrop of World War II. It is seen through the eyes of Reuven Malter, a boy who would appear to have much in common with Danny, for they are both brilliant, Jewish, closely tied to their fathers, and near-neighbors who live only five blocks apart. Still, they attend separate yeshivas and inhabit very different worlds. A baseball league is begun. When Danny Saunders’ school plays Reuven Malter’s, the Hasids are determined to show the apikorsim a thing or two and the competition is fierce. Danny’s murderous hitting is remarkable, but when Reuven comes to pitch he does not back away. A hard ball shatters his glasses and smashes into his eye, sending him to the hospital for a week. At his father’s insistence, Reuven permits the repentant Danny to visit him, and they become friends. Danny dazzles Reuven with demonstrations of his photographic mind, with the quantity of scholarly work he bears each day, and with the intellectual prowess of his English and Hebrew studies—qualities greatly revered in traditional Jewish culture. Danny’s revelations startle Reuven; he confesses he would rather be a psychologist than accept his inherited role as spiritual leader of his father’s sect. Reuven’s confessions surprise Danny; he reveals his desire to become a rabbi, though his scholar-father would prefer him to follow his talent and become a mathematician. Danny cannot understand how anyone would choose the very position he secretly wishes to reject. At a time when conflicts are churning within him, Danny finds Reuven as an empathetic listener who is highly intelligent yet safe—not a Hasid, but a Jew who follows orthodox religious traditions without rejecting the secular possibilities in the world around them. As the boys become friends, Reuven begins to learn about Hasidism. He learns that there are tzaddiks who were believed to be superhuman links between the people and God. In some sects it was believed that a leader should take upon himself the sufferings of the Jewish people. Such a leader is Reb Saunders. His ways and his teachings are the ways of seventeenth century Hasids and it is this role that Danny is expected to fill when he becomes the tzaddik. In the long initial visits that Reuven pays to Reb Saunder’s congregation to be approved as fit company for Danny, Reuven observes the way Hasidic philosophy permeates his friend’s life.

The Doors :: essays research papers

Poet William Blake once said "If The Doors of perception were cleansed, everything would appear to man as it is, infinite" (Gilmore 34). From this quote arose a band that even over 20 years after its disbanding still is played and remembered. The Doors started as a little garage band in California back in the early sixties. They were extremely popular due to their lead singer, Jim Morrison. Morrison himself was a real character. Morrison is considered by many critics a modern day poet. Others view him in a different light, George Will wrote "Morrison resembled Byron in one aspect, they both were mad, bad, and dangerous to know" (Will 64). Still others view him as a hero of the 'counterculture'. He was a sort of 'Peter Pan', one of those boys who never grew up. Morrison basically was The Doors. His blatant disregard for law and order made him a very well known figure. He was arrested on a few occasions for charges ranging from inciting riots to indecent exposure. He was also notorious for his drug use and alcohol abuse. His poetry though, justified his lifestyle. There were also three other members of the band: Ray Manzarak (keyboards), John Densmore (drummer), and Robby Krieger (guitarist). They all made up The Doors, but after the death of the lead singer Jim Morrison, the band's popularity dropped significantly. They did though produce three albums after Morrison's untimely demise (all of which were not very popular). Jim Morrison died on July 4th, 1971, in Paris, France. He was 27 years old at the time of death (the same age Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin died at also). He was found in his bathtub with a cute smirk on his face. He had finally "broke through to the other side"(Gilmore 35). The Doors were known for their style of rebellious, psychedelic rock. Their music is poetry (written by Jim Morrison) set to music. Morrison also had many books published just of his poetry. Although not all of The Doors music was written by Morrison, ninety percent of it was. The band was considered a guru by the youngsters of the sixties, and a scourge by the public. The band seemed to fuse music, drugs, and idealism as a way to reform and even redeem a troubled society (Gilmore 34). They were much like the other bands that were emerging in the sixties, but different in one major way.

Environmental Terrorists (Development or Destruction?) – A proposal for a 40 minute documentary

After decades of methodical environmental damage, it has become apparent that our vital life support system (Mother earth) is getting worse and in a general state of decline. One question on the minds of many people is: What happens at the end of this decline? We are often told that we can adapt to the present state of the environment. But this assumption is increasingly being shown up to be false, as we observe the effects of global warming, the pollution of the eco-systems, potential changes in the food supply, ocean currents, costly weather changes, the destruction of raw materials (such as timber) and much more. In any effort to educate the public and politicians towards action concerning the environment, three questions must be answered honestly and convincingly: ? Are we heading for a collapse of the world's ecosystems that sustain us? ? What are the effects of man made environmental damage on local and global communities? ?Can we restore the environment and work alongside Nature instead of against Her? For some, the answers to these questions are fundamental to their very existence. How long are we prepared to wait and watch as the environment rebels and fights back against Nature's ‘terrorists'; whilst people, communities and populations are destroyed by mankind's insistence on taking more than we are willing to put back? In this verity documentary my team and myself, will focus and examine the devastating effects environmental neglect and over consumption of raw materials has had on a small village on an Indonesian Island named Bukit Lawang. Background On the 2nd November 2003, a flood hit Bukit Lawang, North Sumatra. Approximately 300 people have been killed, with 1400 made homeless. The village was a popular tourist destination, close to Sumatra's main town, Medan, known for a relaxing friendly atmosphere, and famous for the orangutan rehabilitation centre. The flood hit in the evening, around 10pm, while many people were asleep prior to their 4am awakening for Ramadan. The rain had been falling for a couple of weeks, and the river was already high. However on the evening of Sunday 2nd November the waters began to rise sharply, giving some people precious seconds to get onto higher grounds. For most people, however, there was no time to escape. A torrent of water came flooding down mixed with debris and uprooted trees from the constant illegal logging in the jungle, leaving the village in ruins. Bukit Lawang is now unrecognizable. The entire bank of the river has been destroyed, simply washed away, along with many of the inhabitants, and tourists unfortunate enough to be caught up in it all. It has been commonly reported that the flood was the direct result of illegal logging, in an area were people rely on the river to provide their drinking water, bathing and sewage system. Film I would like to shoot the film using classic verity style, with the use of interview (interpreter required), narration voiceover and music (where relevant). Our aims are to educate the viewer on the wider implications of acts against the environment/nature, and the local/global consequences of these actions. By highlighting the hidden dangers often overlooked or disregarded by governments, companies and individuals, we aim to produce a piece that will illuminate the necessity to cooperate with Nature and its Laws. Or face a backlash that may result in a very live threat to the very existence of mankind. We will attempt to take a comprehensive, observational journey through the country and its terrestrial surroundings, highlighting the rich environmental and cultural diversity within the Island/village. We will explore the anthropology of the village (and near by villages) and it's inhabitants in an attempt for the audience to get a feel for the way of life of the populace and also their reliance and subsistence of Nature. (For example: the use of timber/plants for building homes, fishermen and their activities within the rivers, the use of plants for medicinal purposes, their Spiritual/symbolic beliefs, their farming/hunting/cultivating techniques and economic systems. Example scenes: We follow a group of fishermen out one dawn onto the rivers .A fisherman is cut whilst out casting nets into the river. We see how the men/women of the village use leaves and barks as an antiseptic, as opposed to westernized medicine. A young couple in a nearby village are getting married. We see the preparations being made and the different roles undertaken by the males and females of the village. We also get a look at the symbolic nature and spiritual aspect of the festivities. The next phase of the documentary (will be observational, but include narration) focusing on the rapid destruction of Indonesia's forests, and the local effects of ‘logging' on the environment. The area is hit by floods every year, but environmentalists claim that illegal logging has stripped the area of much tree cover and other vegetation which would normally protect and absorb water during rainy season. We will attempt to define and clarify what ‘logging' actually is (using computer generated graphics and on-site filming) and also interview both legal and illegal loggers (through the use of an interpreter) if possible. We shall also contact and get the views of local and global environmentalists and environment scientists to give views, research and scientific evidence to support any claims made. We then progress to the actual flooding of Bukit Lawang, using archive video footage (with permission) from BBC News, CNN and Lonely Planet of the tragedy. This first section will be heavily narrated, and will include video footage, newspaper clippings, sound bites and photographs (again with permission) of the event. Example scene: Video footage of total havoc and devastation: the villagers piling the bodies of the dead high into a pile. Children crying, clinging to mothers, homes being washed away and destroyed in front of the very eyes of the owners, and the clean up operation undertaken by the army in trying to rescue survivors. (The mood will be very somber and frightening; the music chosen will also reflect this.) Footage will be included of Environment Minister Nabiel Makarim claiming the disaster was â€Å"Exacerbated by extensive illegal logging in the hillside area.† And also describing the illegal loggers as â€Å"terrorists, with the consequence of the disaster being as dangerous as a nuclear bomb!† This will also be tied up with filming the effects of the flood on the villagers who have lost family and loves one's in the flood, children who have been orphaned, schools destroyed and homes lost (1400 people are believed to be homeless, although the kindness of the families and others means that most have somewhere to stay). This section will also include narration and interviews with those willing to talk on camera. (Voice over will be added in post production). I have discovered three eye witnesses to the event; a Mr Anthony Hurford, who was living in Bukit Lawang for the last two months doing volunteer work, Mr Agun Jungle (and baby daughter), who is a villager and one of the survivors of the flood, who is now trying to make a living organizing trekking trips around the Island, and Dutch tourist, Leo Zwetsloot, staying at the Bukit Lawang Cottage Hotel. I endeavor to interview the subjects and get their similar or contradicting (as the case may be) experiences of the flood, who/what they felt was to blame for the tragedy and the after effects on their lives. Example scenes: (Voice-over alongside archive video footage) Eye-witness and survivor, Anthony Hurord, gives his live account of the panic, terror and devastation of the flood. â€Å"Houses, people and trees were swept down the river†¦A massive pile, maybe the size of a football pitch; of huge tree trunks personal belongings, bodies and the odd tin roof†¦There simply is no village.† We speak with one of the ‘Elders' of the village, an old man, who survived the flood by quick thinking and helpful neighbors, who dragged him up the village and into safety. The man used to survive on his son's income from illegal logging, and now must rely on the kindness of the other villagers, as his son's have both been killed in the disaster. We see his shame at having played a passive role in the disaster, and the other villager's reactions and treatment of him since. He valued the income at the time, but was oblivious to its catastrophic consequences. We get a sense of the community's resentment at the Government (and the ‘elder!'), for not doing enough to stop the illegal logging trade which benefited a few, yet ultimately cost him the lives of many. A council is also called to decide on the fate of the known illegal loggers and their supporters within the community, (These scenes will be spread out to conclude during the duration of the documentary.) The film will progress (using observation, narration and interviews about the immediate and government aid necessary for the up building of the village. The attempt of the community to rebuild itself, its schools, homes, environment and economy. An attempt will also be made to conduct government interviews with the environment Minister and the President and get their opinion/views on the current situation. (We will aim to ask hard hitting questions about the government's knowledge of the illegal logging trade. Asking who knew of these activities and why wasn't more down to police the issue? Who benefited most from this illegal trade? Does the government feel even partially responsible for the deaths of hundreds of its populace? And question what it intends to do to prevent a situation like this occurring again? Example scene: President getting increasingly uncomfortable at the barrage of questions, resulting in a refusal to answer anymore and the termination of the interview. Resolution We will conclude with the final statements of the environmental scientists, and their opinions for the future, of not just Bukit Lawang, but of the globe in general. Scientific evidence for greater action is becoming clearer, but it is yet to become incorporated into an effective economic action plan for preserving and restoring the environment. In fact we seem to be going in the opposite direction, while environment researchers continue to gather evidence indicating that powerful action must be implemented at all levels of government and in communities all around the world. Using computer technology we will visually replicate images of the deterioration of the planet if we continue on our present course. We will use facts from various environmental agencies on the present state of affairs globally, and their predictions/solutions for the future. Example Scenes Our last shots are of a ‘council of elders' debating, and finally reaching a decision on the future of the illegal loggers within the community, and of Agun Jungles attempts at attracting tourists onto his tours (with little success). Agun realizes he has to leave the village if he is to carve out a life for himself and his young daughter. We see him on a small boat traveling to nearby Malaysia, waving goodbye to his bith land. We see the pain in his eyes, but also the steely determination to provide a better life for his child. The elder previously interviewed has been granted pardon of responsibility and allowed to live within the village, provided he actively participates in the rebuilding of the community. Whilst the illegal loggers are allowed to stay within the village on the condition they help the army (and other environmental agencies) in their attempt to re-forest the land.

Citizen Kane essays

Citizen Kane essays Citizen Kane was directed and produced by Orson Welles. Influenced by Howard Hughes and William Randolph Hearst, Welles created the character Charles Foster Kane. This was a black and white film made in 1941 about a boy who inherited a millionaires fortune and dedicated all his time and money into make a newspaper, The New York Inquirer, which grew rapid popularity among the public. Throughout the film we see that the paper consumes all of Kanes energy and the struggle that he and his wife encounter because of it. Following Kanes death The shot that I found was the my favorite was the scene where they went back and forth from Kane to his wife at the dinner table progressively getting older and the topic of conversation was growing more and more anger. I liked this shot because it showed that through time the couple grew more distant from each other. The way that Welles shoots this scene is very dramatic and very sharp and tight from cut to cut. I also noticed that the couple is always growing farther and farther apart to the ends of the table which again symbolizes the distance in the relationship. The lighting that I found most dramatic was in one of the opening scenes where Welles used the lighting produced in the projection room for the scene where Kane and an editor have a business talk. This scene was very successful, I think because the light was completely random and cause many shadows and profiles which worked extremely well in the point he was trying to convey in the scene. The dramatic use of sound that I thought was most interesting was the scene in which the newspaper headlines were being shown and going from one paper stand to the next. The music which was played was a very up beat almost speedy music. I believe this music was chosen to demonstrate the wide spread distribution of the paper and popularity that it gathered so rapidly. The publics curiosity and morning ...

buy custom Social Networking Sites essay

buy custom Social Networking Sites essay The advancements of technology have provided great opportunities, but has also brought a shift from the way we live. Social networking sites are the recent buzz on the internet. The debate on whether social networks are causing more harm than good to the society continues to be a debatable issue, which still has no clear answer. Nevertheless, what is evident is that their availability and usage continues to rise with every day. Similarly to other developments brought by technology, social network such as Twitter, Facebook, Linked In and My Space have their pluses and minuses. Any technology, despite its shortcomings, should improve the lives of people. Can we say the same about social networks? It is true that communication has improved, and so is contact with friends, and we should never forget some that people have found love through these sites. As for the corporate world this is a great avenue for advertising. There is a lot of information that can be shared through these avenues within a short time, especially breaking news. For example, the news on the death of a celebrity spreads like wild fire courtesy in the social networks. However, sometimes the sharing of information becomes dangerous through abuse and potential abuses of these sites. For example, there has been reported suicide cases linked to use of social networking sites. A recent case of a suicide of a teenage girl who was maliciously attacked through words by her friends mother is just one of the examples of how sharing of information through these social networks can be misused or mismanaged and lead to suicide. By posting information/comments on Facebook, creating profiles, posting videos, all this is a great way of people honing their identities and promoting development, especially among the young people. Findings have shown that this practice is helpful in developing the skills that are important in 21st century. In this way, we can point out and say that social sites have been creating positive attitude towards adoption and usage of technologies. Nevertheless, are not people misusing these avenues? Are they all that we think? People are addicted to these sites leading to wastage of time that was meant for other constructive activities. In recent times, people have lost the true meaning of addition and are taking it casually, especially when it comes to spending time in front of a computer, tweeting or facebooking. People are spending more and more time on the internet and are even getting into trouble because of it. According to a research by Nucleus Research in Boston, users of social networks are spending up to two hours on the site, yet they should be working. The result of this behavior is a loss of 1.5 percent of total office productivity. Some have even withdrawn from personal contact and destroyed the healthy attachment that comes with face-to-face contact, social meetings and gatherings. There is no clear cut-line that shows whether social networks are harmful or if they are good to the society. Notably, social technologies can never have absolute positive or negative effects. That is why it is very hard to answer such a question. To move forward we should limit their harmfulness and so that we reap benefits. There are challenges that need to be worked on so that we can enhance the benefits. To improve on their usage and limit their harm, we will need to construct strong privacy connections for users and increase safety issues, increase commercialization of this space, and in this way we will work around the risks posed by social sites. Buy custom Social Networking Sites essay

7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise You

7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise You This Monday, September 3rd is Labor Day, in the United States. Families across the country will celebrate with barbecues, picnics, sporting events, and activities on the beach. It’s our last opportunity to enjoy the summer  before  it ends. This is what Labor Day has traditionally been known for. However, the history of Labor Day is a little more complex than  picnics and barbecue celebrations. Here are some interesting facts about Labor Day that you might not have known were true. Fact #1The first Labor Day occurred on September 5, 1882 in New York City.Fact #2Oregon was the first state to make Labor Day an official holiday in 1887.Fact #3The holiday’s origins stem back to the 1800s when the average American worked 12-hours a day, 7-days a week. Children ages 5-6 worked in factories and mines.Fact #4People avoided wearing white clothing after Labor Day as it unofficially marked the end of summer.Fact #5Labor Day began in Toronto, Canada in 1872 but quickly made i ts way to  the United States.Fact #6Labor Day began as a demonstration for workers rights but is modernly seen as an opportunity to celebrate the last day of summer.Fact #7In other countries, May 1st (May Day) is the day working people are honored. The majority of Europe celebrates May Day.Sources: [Forbes,  DoSomething.org,  CNN]

The Impact of the Recession on Consumer Behaviour and on Marketers Essay

The Impact of the Recession on Consumer Behaviour and on Marketers - Essay Example This paper illustrates that once predictable behavior is now being replaced with a new type of consumer that is constantly seeking value in nearly all elements of product variety. This is making the process of marketing and advertising significantly difficult in an environment where competition is high, especially in areas of food consumption and technology consumption. At the same time, marketers are resorting to new promotional campaigns in order to remain competitive and gain consumer attention in the face of this current economic downturn. Statistics indicate that six in 10 consumers have reduced the volume of frequency as it pertains to eating-out in restaurant environments. As a result, especially noticeable in the pizza restaurant industry, marketers have changed their promotional activities to include vouchers with significant pricing discounts. Where once major companies in this industry, such as Pizza Hut, used psychographic segmentation and targeting to gain attention and loyalty, they are finding it more difficult to compete especially when their products carry high price tags over the competition. Companies like Pizza Hut once had well-established consumer segments that were devoted to the brand and were able to use rather low-cost marketing and higher price methodology to ensure positioning in terms of quality. Today, however, the recession has created price wars that continue to erode profitability especially with more consumers eating within the home and avoiding the high costs of restaurant eating. This is also noticeable in the fast food industry with new promotions being added to traditional menus, such as McDonald’s with its dollar menu variety. However, this marketing effort is not to bring the type of profit results marketers had once experienced early in the recession. Today, new freebie offers and Internet-based incentives coupons are becoming the norm for many consumer segments. This shows a shift in consumer behavior toward acti ve searching in the consumer search process to identify coupons before they will frequent even their favorite restaurants. There is clearly a value-driven methodology in consumer groups that change their buying behaviors and choices.

The Necessity for Ethical Behavior in the Project Management Essay

The Necessity for Ethical Behavior in the Project Management - Essay Example Therefore, ethical behaviors are crucial in the management of projects. Moral philosophy or ethics concerns the defense and recommendation of the concepts of wrong or right behavior. The philosophy of ethics is divided into operational areas such as normative ethics, applied ethics and meta-ethics. Meta-ethics involves the reference and theoretical meaning of moral values, and the determination of their truth (Ashrafi, 2007). Normative ethics involves the practical means of establishing a moral plan of action, while applied ethics involves the achievement of moral outcomes in different situations with different ethical requirements. The characteristics of ethical behaviors are fairness, honesty, and equity in professional, interpersonal and research, scholarly and academic relationships. Ethical behaviors compliment the diversity, rights and dignity of individuals or people in the society. The standards upheld in enhancing the attributes of responsibility and honesty is ethical behav iors. These standards are applicable to all individuals regardless of the facets of life, and the position held in commerce. The hallmark of ethical behavior is the application of these standards in situations that are inconvenient for their application (Long, & Spuma, 2005). Project Management Project management involves organizing, planning, managing, securing, controlling and leading resources towards the achievement of objectives and goals. Projects are provisional endeavors that have a defined starting and end points. They are mostly time and funding constrained. Projects are carried out to meet objectives and goals, characteristically for addition of value or for beneficial changes. Projects because of their temporary nature are in contrast to operations or businesses that are permanent and repetitive (Long, & Spuma, 2005). The management of projects is thus challenging and different and requires distinct management strategies and technical skills. The major challenge in proje ct management is the achievement of the objectives and goals while honoring or considering the preconceived limitations. Typical limitations are budget, scope and time. Another challenge with project management is the ability to maximize the allocation of inputs and incorporate the necessary inputs to meet the predefined goals and objectives (London, 2006). The management of projects involves elements, process groups and control systems. Regardless of terminology and methodology used, project management processes involve the same processes, with different ethical requirements. Project management involves the initiation of the project, planning for development, production and execution, monitoring and controlling, and the final phase which is the end or closure of the project. These phases in most cases are undertaken by one person-the project manager. Project management environment that require exploration; research and development must be supplemented with points for decision makin g. These points are essential for the continuation of the project as they involve debating and decision making. Ethical practices and behaviors are necessary to ensure the diligent and progressive completion of each phase, hence movement to the next phase. Ethical behaviors in project management involve the simultaneous management of the basic elements which are money, time, resources and scope. These elements, which are interrelated, must be effectively

No one has to go to school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No one has to go to school - Essay Example He then suggests repealing compulsory-attendance laws in order for public schools to provide better education to those who are committed and willing to learn. The article demonstrates how the compulsory-attendance law is not delivering the goods it promised to deliver- increase the number of children attending school. Quite the contrary, it has negligible impact on the number of children attending school. Moreover, this law is not rigidly followed because of its costs and public schools are forced to accept and teach unruly students. The author believes that the time spent to teach these disorderly students should instead be spent on serious learners. Hence, the author comes to a conclusion that removing compulsory-attendance laws will be a financially smart move. The author explains that without compulsory-attendance laws teachers students, especially those in the elementary level, will be forced to take their studies more seriously, or else they will lose their chance of acquiring higher formal education. And, lastly, the author argues that schools should not be looked upon as a jack-of-all-trades, because schools are created to fulfill only one major function—to

Benjamin Franklins Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benjamin Franklins Autobiography - Essay Example He attended school for only 2 years despite his passion for reading. When he was 12 years old, he joined his brother James to become an  apprentice  at the print shop. He wrote his first  newspaper  in Boston when he was 15 years. He wrote several letters and finally announced that he was the  writer  when the letters became a hit. He ran away to Philadelphia at 17 when his brother was  furious  about his writing (The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 1). He was amongst the  naissance  fathers of the United States.  He was an  inventor, a representative, a scientist, a  principal  writer and above all, he was a theorist.  He loved doing experiments and this  was well shown  in the experiments he did regarding  power  and lightning after experimenting on kites in an event of a lightning storm.  He also published â€Å"Poor Richard’s Almanac’’ and the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1733 (Franklin 45). In the Continental legislature, Benjamin served as the Postmaster General before becoming a  famous  abolitionist and this illustrates his active participation in politics.  Some of the  scientific  inventions that he made include the lightning stick, swimfins, Franklin Stove after inventing the Pennsylvania Fireplace in 1743 and eyeglasses and these earned him much credit. He  was associated  with the renowned phrase like Almanac like  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœa  penny saved is a penny earned†.  Following Benjamin Franklins  death  April 17,1790, a year later, there was the publication of his autobiography and  was entitled  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Memories De La Vie Privee† in  paris, March 1791.  Later on there was a  translation  of the same in the English version named ‘’The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin†Ã‚  initially  written by him (Franklin 58). Benjamin Franklin was successful in his attempt to self  improvement  because he  put  so much effort in his work and  put  less time to  leisure  because he never valued leisure.  The major  declaration  to fame

Risk analysis related to information security and infrastructure Research Paper

Risk analysis related to information security and infrastructure protection - Research Paper Example ectives and goals of performing a risk analysis on infrastructure and security protection, the target audience for whom a risk analysis is performed, the steps necessary for performing a risk analysis including assessment and evaluation, threats and cost-effective security measures, the types of securities to be included in a risk analysis for recommendation purposes, and how to mitigate a security threat and address it accordingly. Risk analysis on infrastructure and security is can be performed at various levels and many degrees of detail. Risk analysis reports can cover every business aspect. Risk analysis may be performed by both big and small organizations, and even individuals. Informal decision making follows not a comprehensive step of an elaborate risk analyses. There is no clear standard in making decision on where to draw the line on depth of analysis of risk. The process of risk analysis illustrates that there is no particular, one solution to security, and therefore the required attempts and efforts to have all risks eliminated would overwhelm organizations. However, all identified relevant factors to an organization needs to be weighed in order to have a particular acceptable risk level that can be matched to the strategy of risk management. Risk analysis hence involves anticipating the most probable outcome and allocating the resources available in order to address that outcome (Hollinger, 1997). The objectives and goals of performing a risk analysis on infrastructure and security protection are to identify and determine threats to infrastructure and security, and to provide recommendations that address the identified threats. Another goal and objective may be to protect individual components such as hardware, software, and other connected devices. Although it may be easy to replace a hard drive, the information content may be irreplaceable and therefore loss may be a catastrophe to an organization. The target audience for whom a risk analysis is

Benjamin Franklins Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benjamin Franklins Autobiography - Essay Example He attended school for only 2 years despite his passion for reading. When he was 12 years old, he joined his brother James to become an  apprentice  at the print shop. He wrote his first  newspaper  in Boston when he was 15 years. He wrote several letters and finally announced that he was the  writer  when the letters became a hit. He ran away to Philadelphia at 17 when his brother was  furious  about his writing (The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 1). He was amongst the  naissance  fathers of the United States.  He was an  inventor, a representative, a scientist, a  principal  writer and above all, he was a theorist.  He loved doing experiments and this  was well shown  in the experiments he did regarding  power  and lightning after experimenting on kites in an event of a lightning storm.  He also published â€Å"Poor Richard’s Almanac’’ and the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1733 (Franklin 45). In the Continental legislature, Benjamin served as the Postmaster General before becoming a  famous  abolitionist and this illustrates his active participation in politics.  Some of the  scientific  inventions that he made include the lightning stick, swimfins, Franklin Stove after inventing the Pennsylvania Fireplace in 1743 and eyeglasses and these earned him much credit. He  was associated  with the renowned phrase like Almanac like  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœa  penny saved is a penny earned†.  Following Benjamin Franklins  death  April 17,1790, a year later, there was the publication of his autobiography and  was entitled  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Memories De La Vie Privee† in  paris, March 1791.  Later on there was a  translation  of the same in the English version named ‘’The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin†Ã‚  initially  written by him (Franklin 58). Benjamin Franklin was successful in his attempt to self  improvement  because he  put  so much effort in his work and  put  less time to  leisure  because he never valued leisure.  The major  declaration  to fame

Assignment com 008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Assignment com 008 - Essay Example Ironically, spearheading an organization or a group of workers at a lower rank does not necessarily mean one is knowledgeable of the smaller roles that are prerequisites in achieving success. A successful businessman may not attain financial independence if not for the people who are working for him. For instance, an owner of the restaurant hires cooks and waiters who understand the operation of the restaurants better than him. The man’s ability to hire the best people in his company who does the smaller jobs for him does not mean he knows exactly how to do them impeccably. Since these people have acquired such skills even without formal education, the society does not see cooks and waiters to be as intelligent as the owner of the company. Furthermore, employees who rely on their employers for their jobs do not gain as much financial freedom as their company owners. At the same time, team leaders, supervisors, and managers are oftentimes the only ones who earn more than mechan ics, waiters and the

Atticus Finch Essay Example for Free

Atticus Finch Essay Atticus Finch Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today.† Atticus Finch, in many ways, lives this quote everyday by understanding what has to be done today in order to avoid future consequences of today’s mistakes. Atticus is a kind-hearted, slow-tempered, wise man, who always knows the right thing to say. In the story, one can deduce that Atticus Finch is a kind-hearted man who knows what to do in order to fix the toughest of problems. The author remarks, â€Å"There was a brown book and some yellow tablets on the solicitor’s table, Atticus’s was bare† (138). This statement explains how Atticus is always prepared to do what is right, and still be humane about what point he is trying to get across. Therefore, Atticus must also set the example for his children by showing that he has a kind heart, so maybe his two children would learn to follow; however, in the story he is faced with many obstacles on the way, reducing his time spent trying to do the right thing. Atticus definitely knows how to react under pressure. In the story the author writes, â€Å"Miss Stephanie said Atticus didn’t even bat an eye, just took out his handkerchief and wiped his face and stood there and let Mr. Ewell call him names wild horses could not bring her to repeat† (185). This is a perfect example of Atticus having a long fuse. Even though Mr. Ewell cussed him until the cows came home, Atticus took it calmly and was relieved that Mr. Ewell finally got his steam out from the case. Whenever he is in trouble, he reacts calmly because he knows in the end it will all blow over. Atticus is obviously a very wise man, who can get the job done. In the part of the story with Mrs. Dubose, Atticus states, â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. Its when you know youre licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what† (93). Atticus uses many quotes like this in the book, all consisting of the wisest comments out of the whole story. In this quote Atticus is lecturing Jem after he is finished reading his book to Mrs. Dubose, and Jem realizes that Atticus was talking about him. He also said he would have made him do it eventually anyway, just to show him what real courage was, even if he would not have destroyed Mrs. Dubose’s flowers. The author indirectly says that Atticus knows what he is saying. As I have stated, Atticus is a kind-hearted, slow-tempered, and wise beyond his year’s sort of man. Atticus is the ideal human being in the story. He is also the stories main protagonist, showing all the characteristics of a gentleman.

Implementing A Successful E Commerce Proposal Information Technology Essay

Implementing A Successful E Commerce Proposal Information Technology Essay The purpose of the assignment is to implement a successful ecommerce proposal for an upcoming fashion designer in United Kingdom. The fashion designer graduated from a well known fashion university and received two awards for her collection. She has been working since 5 years for other designers and plus working on independent designing of designer wear for women. The fashion designer would now like to setup her own business to promote her talent globally. The proposal suggests taking an e-commerce approach. Starting your own fashion e-business in the country is quite promising as fashion is a growing and an important industry in the United Kingdom. It was always known for its trends and creativeness. It has evolved from a domestic manufacturing industry into a design led industry. The fashion designing industry benefits from high turnover of new and exciting designers, innovation, competitive looks and styles(Nathan,2009) As per (Marketing Week, 2009) suggests that the online retail industry can be perceived as a rather complicated means of establishing a business. However in comparison with traditional ways of setting up retail business, electronic medium provide instant access to considerably larger geographical span of target market at a very low setup and operational cost. The proposal will highlight the opportunities of using e-commerce as a solution for the growth of the fashion designers business. 2.1 E-Commerce E-commerce has made it possible to communicate with people and carry out transactions any time of the day at the customers ease. It is beneficial for the companies to acquire access to the global markets and compete easily with larger similar markets. Shopping online creates a virtual store for the customers to purchase the products and services therefore use of online retail in fashion is growing all over the world. United Kingdoms fashion industry is participating with optimism in e-commerce. According to (National Statistics,2009) businesses in the online retail sector showed the largest rise in sales by 106.6bn pounds in 2008 compared to other sectors (travelling, wholesale and real-estate) When evaluating the importance of online business in an organization, it is useful to identify the different types of e-commerce transactions. One of them is sell-side e-commerce. As per (Napier et al,2005), sell-side e-commerce involves transactions with selling products to an organizations customers. Sell-side ecommerce provides many different types of websites. A typical transactional e-commerce website is a site which enables purchase of products online and also to give them an option of purchasing in standalone stores (Chaffey, 2007) .Most of the fashion businesses use transactional e-commerce websites so that the customers have the preference of either buying their items online or offline. 2.2 Opportunities for Using Sell-side E-commerce There has been a revolution in the way fashion companies are using different tactics and offering their products and services to the online consumers. Paul Smith a designer based in London launched his first online shopping website in 2009, based on B2C model. European customers are able to access the website, soon it will be extended to international market (Lepper,2009). New fashion designers have started opening their online shops in ebay following the C2C model. They are selling their products without any middleman. This is a good way to start up their initial business at less cost and exposure to the international markets (Bora,2010) and (Chaffey, 2007) suggests that using sell-side e-commerce consists of many other advantages which will be discussed below Sell-Side E-commerce can reach the customers globally. It enables the companies or individual to reach their customers worldwide. Small companies can also reach their target audience and maintain global relationships without the restriction of finance. Time is not a constraint in e-commerce business. Many companies benefit from the fact that one can do business online 24/7. It has been cost effective for many online stores. Opening and maintaining stand alone stores can be very costly. The online store cuts down the sales force, utility bills and other operating cost that is present in offline stores. Customers database can be easily stored and maintained online. Tracking the regular customers is easy. One can send regular newsletters, emails, vouchers about the products and services to customers who want the information. Their information can be stored when they register and automatic updates can be sent to them via email. This helps in retaining customers. Payments online makes transaction easier and quick. Sales are processed more quickly and effectively The highlighted benefits show that e-commerce has changed the way consumers shop. Consumers and sellers both have the benefit of selling and purchasing online at their own time and leisure. The technology has changed the behaviour of shopping for customers where they can save time and the options of choosing from variety of products. It goes on to show that e-commerce will be here for a long time and continuously grow as well. 3.1 Implementation of E-Commerce Proposal Online fashion retail business in UK is a demand driven growing industry. There are more than 50 websites set up by entrepreneur fashion designers in the country to promote their small businesses worldwide. (Pendle,2008). Building a flourishing site on the internet is every bit as hard as creating a challenging store environment. Like stand alone stores, online stores have to be created to display successful shopping experience for the customers. Yet online retailers have to address the complications arising from the unpredictable behaviour of customers and development of competitors websites. According to (Chaffey,2007) Many companies have dealt with these problems and moved in the online world by applying blogging and choosing solution providers that best suits their company, overcoming the limitations of e-commerce and following the laws in a proper manner. The fashion designer could start the e-commerce business slowly with the help of blogging. Not only established designers but the small or individual companies have adopted this approach to start their own business online. Starting a blog could also start the awareness to audience. Online fashion media is growing and blogging is a big part of it. Fashion bloggers are becoming more famous than the press itself. The thing with bloggers is that the companies have no control over it. Anyone can write about anything on the internet. (Copping, 2009) suggests the most of the bloggers are young and not consumers of designer brands. Yet they are uncontrollable and designers are learning to deal with it. Also many famous designer companies such as Gucci paid a group of fashion bloggers to create the extra hype and awareness of a fashion show held in Paris. Louis Vuitton was the first to use facebook to broadcast a catwalk show live. Meanwhile Dolce Gabana streamlined its fashion event directl y on youtube. Thus it can be said that blogging is becoming interesting and insightful in the fashion world. Even few customers visiting and discovering the identity through the blogs could recommend their friends and families and promote the business. After she gets recognised in the market, she can start her own small website and build on it when the company starts growing. Launching the website can be done through a limited budget and when the company picks up on sales, hiring proper marketing agents and solution providers to ensure that the designer gets all her potential clients shopping on the website. Community websites can be very effective to promote such young and talented designers. They dont really have to open their own web site to sell products which would require large amount of investment, but the designer can use community websites like facebook and wordpress. (Cave,2009) suggests that broadband of UK plays a big role in easy and reliable access for customers online. Although there are companies available who are working hard to facilitate fast internet connections such as BT in UK but they should focus more on making internet safe for the consumers by using security checks in websites and with the help of banks make sure that the payment cards used online are made by the authenticated user such as 3D secure. The designer should capitalize on the commercial opportunities and choose the right solution provider to provide its customers with optimum security via internet shopping The designer could incorporate m-commerce software in the website so the consumers of UK can shop easily anytime of the day. As per (Napier et al,2005) increasing popularity of wireless communication and handheld devices, have led to mobile-commerce. It is the process of buying and selling goods through wireless technology. Customers are increasingly using mobile communication as an option to browse the internet. Making the website accessed from mobile phones can be useful for fashion companies targeting worldwide customers. The above points highlights that the designer should start her business slowly by using free community websites and blogging to establish her identity and then move forward in launching an online business with adding in m-commerce to increase more customers. This could be an opportunity for her to become a successful online fashion designer. 3.2 Issues to be Addressed Sell-Side E-commerce like any other business consists of some issues that are important to identify. These drawbacks can bring hesitation among people to use the internet freely. Many developing countries still restrict themselves to shop online and prefer going to the stores for the products. Trust is the main issue in online shopping. Customers are sensitive and reluctant in giving their financial information online if it is not a secure website. Many people dont feel secure in doing transactions online as e-commerce can be prone to security fraud. Credit card fraud has been increasing these days, discouraging the consumers from shopping online. (Bora,2010) Another limitation that e-commerce consist of is updating the product information from time to time. Maintaining the customer orders and website is also very crucial in online business. This can be time consuming and tiring for companies. Privilege of feeling and touching the product is not available in e-commerce websites. Some customers feel less satisfied in ordering the product before examining it properly. Setting up an e-business is purely dependant on technology. Knowledge of IT is important in running a business especially for individuals and small companies. If technology fails, company has to be very vigilant of the backup as there will be no other substitute. Also delivery of the products can take a longer time and it may result in a wrong order. This discourages the customer in buying product from the same company again or in the worst case shopping online altogether. Due to the some of the limitations of technology identified above of trust issues over security on internet, e-commerce is still not accepted and used in many countries but no doubt that when it comes to UK customers are more confident in shopping online by secure means and having trust over online companies. 4.1 Conclusion The technical aspects of ecommerce and its importance in establishing online businesses in the UK provided interesting findings concerning e-commerce and their organizations. UK e-commerce is common and consumers prefer it due to convenience, secure payment systems, different variety of choices available and it fits their demands and requirements. The given proposal will be beneficial for the fashion designer in many ways such as: The profit margin will increase immensely. One good thing about e-commerce in fashion industry is that it is a good opportunity for companies to invest in online websites in this recession period. This will help the designer in cutting down the high budgets spent in stores and as it is becoming common that every company is going online, the future of e-commerce would be bright for the designer. One of the benefits would be able to compete in the market. To be competitive in the market, sales and different promotions have to be set not only in stores but online as well to get more customers to browse the website. An advantage to companies who have online websites as they offer flexibility to its shoppers to shop 24/7 a day from work or home, this would generate more revenue for the business As there are many protection plans for e-commerce websites in the UK, these laws and secure mediums provide safety to the consumers and are it offers the small organizations to compete with global industries easily. Due to these legal protections for newly established e-commerce sites, care is taken for the businesses to protect the customers who in turn shop with confidence online. Indication of the time period Market research will take approximately 6 weeks Marketing will take 2 weeks Design and website development will take one month Maintenance will be ongoing Therefore the whole project plan will take approximately 3 months to complete while its maintenance and fixes will be in progress taken care by solution provider chosen.

The Impact of The Internet on Society :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Impact of The Internet on Society Entertainment just isn't the same ever since our society has had Internet access. Now, all anybody has to do to get cheap entertainment at their own expense is type in a sub-topic on a hot web site, and their entertainment pops up. Some web sites will ask for a credit card number, and others will just let you download movies, music or whatever for free. For instance, there is a web-site called, "real money casino." You can just sit on your computer, win real money, and have it wired straight to your account. All you have to do is be 21 years of age and give them your social security number. Really, anybody can sit at home and say they are 21 and use there parents credit card to pay for the charge. Ok maybe its not that easy but I bet you it is pretty easy. Just think of how easy it is to lose money from the casino's computer nerds, who wire a little of your money out of your account and straight into the casino's account. I have had the chance to personally go to a casino and see what its like on the inside. I got to see how the gambling business really works. I was only about 11 years old when I went, but I remember everything about it. The casino is a common for people who live near my way. It is called, "Black Hawk Casino". Now, people under 21 aren't allowed in the casino like before. This is because too many people were getting angry at the fact of a little kid sitting there and watching them while they played. Maybe they thought kids were bad luck or something. Right when I walked in the casino, I thought it was the coolest thing ever. There were shiny slot machines everywhere, guards, cameras, and sounds of people winning. The sounds were like if you've ever took all of the change out of your piggy bank at once, the sound of all that change clinging together. It's just like music for your ears. It was awesome. I couldn't wait until I turned 21. Who would want to sit at home and play on the Inte rnet when they can get up and go to the casino in person? It's got to be ten times better and more fun. The Impact of The Internet on Society :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers The Impact of The Internet on Society Entertainment just isn't the same ever since our society has had Internet access. Now, all anybody has to do to get cheap entertainment at their own expense is type in a sub-topic on a hot web site, and their entertainment pops up. Some web sites will ask for a credit card number, and others will just let you download movies, music or whatever for free. For instance, there is a web-site called, "real money casino." You can just sit on your computer, win real money, and have it wired straight to your account. All you have to do is be 21 years of age and give them your social security number. Really, anybody can sit at home and say they are 21 and use there parents credit card to pay for the charge. Ok maybe its not that easy but I bet you it is pretty easy. Just think of how easy it is to lose money from the casino's computer nerds, who wire a little of your money out of your account and straight into the casino's account. I have had the chance to personally go to a casino and see what its like on the inside. I got to see how the gambling business really works. I was only about 11 years old when I went, but I remember everything about it. The casino is a common for people who live near my way. It is called, "Black Hawk Casino". Now, people under 21 aren't allowed in the casino like before. This is because too many people were getting angry at the fact of a little kid sitting there and watching them while they played. Maybe they thought kids were bad luck or something. Right when I walked in the casino, I thought it was the coolest thing ever. There were shiny slot machines everywhere, guards, cameras, and sounds of people winning. The sounds were like if you've ever took all of the change out of your piggy bank at once, the sound of all that change clinging together. It's just like music for your ears. It was awesome. I couldn't wait until I turned 21. Who would want to sit at home and play on the Inte rnet when they can get up and go to the casino in person? It's got to be ten times better and more fun.

Aristotle :: essays papers

Aristotle According to Aristotle, a tragedy is â€Å"an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions†(Nahm 7). Aristotle categorizes the six basic parts of any tragedy as plot, characters, thought, diction, spectacle and melody. Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet follow this definition of a tragedy and adhere to Aristotle’s six elements of a tragedy: plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and song. The Plot, the first principle, refers to the combination of incidents in the story. Aristotle thinks this to be the most important feature of the tragedy. William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet contain a plot that complies with the first line of Aristotle’s definition o f a tragedy, which states â€Å"the imitation of an action is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself†(Nahm 7). This refers to the first element of a tragedy, the plot, implying that Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet deal with one issue that is very serious in magnitude such as the conflict between the two families which lead to innocent deaths. Shakespeare also follows Aristotle’s idea of the tragedy being of a certain magnitude. This is because the characters are realistic therefore the audience is capable of relating to them easily. Romeo and Juliet are upset, while grieving over their impending separation and angered about the circumstances surrounding their families. They are also unsure of themselves how they should handle the situation. The audience can relate to this uncertain feeling and they are able to empathize with Romeo and Juliet. Aristotle believed the plot should depict the fall of a man who is basically good, but who suffers from some error or frailty. In the play, Romeo’s frailty is his apt to fall in love too quickly and deeply. In the start of the play he is in love with Lady Rosalynn, but soon falls for Juliet, a member of the Capulets, a rival family. Romeo is blinded by love, unable to think with rational, which cause a string of negative events to come to pass. The suffering of the tragic hero also extends beyond himself.

Action Plan for New Nivea in a New Market Segment

The improving economic conditions in various parts of the world provide individual companies with market opportunities that need to be exploited completely. Some Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FCMG) manufacturers have already made this move whereas others are still concentrating on traditional highly developed economies. This paper illustrates how Nivea, the skin care manufacturer, can exploit market opportunities offered by the fast developing nations. The paper will specifically extrapolate on how Nivea can develop a wholly new skin care product that would be marketed to specific market segments in the aforementioned nations. The first section highlights on external audit of the new market and product situation, whereas the second part provides internal audit. An action plan for two months before product launching and 12 months after the launch is illustrated throughout the paper. Part I: External Audit The fast developing nations, especially in Asia, provides FCMG manufacturers with grand opportunity to expand global sales. The past three decades have indeed seen disposable incomes in formerly poor countries s increase tremendously. China and India are the best example of countries whose inhabitants have experienced ever-increasing incomes. Higher incomes mean that Indians and Chinese are able to afford products that seemed to be luxury before. Skin care products fall in such category, meaning that Nivea has a ripe market its product portfolio. The younger generation in both countries is especially the ones that Nivea needs to target. The growing taste of luxurious skin care products demands that Nivea embark on supplying products to this lucrative market segment. In addition, the company has to consider developing new products that are specifically designed for this generation; just supplying products from traditional markets might not make significant impact. This market segment need products they can easily associate with, not just imports. Developing a product specifically for the Asian market would therefore get better reception before competitors think of making a similar move. Customers in this market segment would take a pride in using product specifically developed for their uses, as the company reaps benefits through improved sales and market dominance. Nivea is not the only skin care product manufacturer eying the lucrative Asian market, as other global companies are making onslaught in the region (Haig 2006). A greater number of competitors are also supplying imported products to this market segment, meaning that Nivea would be making the initial move of developing and marketing products for this new market. Nivea competitors in these markets can be classified into three groups. First is the group consisting of local manufacturers that have been in the business for many years. The availability of modern technology has enabled these local players to perfect respective products to international. The perfection of respective products mean that indigenous companies are able of competing effectively and defend their market position. The second group includes international players with experience in other markets. This group is most competitive and indeed the one that Nivea should not ignore. The improving economic situation in the region will continue attracting more competition from existing firms. The third group includes companies willing to enter into the Asian lucrative skin care market. Nivea management should further consider that local and international companies could get into joint ventures that could be hard to out-compete. The company should therefore consider a similar approach. A joint marketing venture with local companies should especially be considered in the two months before the launch. This is in understanding that professionals working on local companies have better understanding on consumers and their needs (Riezebos, Kist & Kootsra 2003). PESTLE Analysis Pestle Analysis is hereby used to illustrate externalities that Nivea will have to handle in the process of introducing new product in the market segment. These are the issues that the company has little control; they factors are discussed below in detail: Political This factor refers to issues that may affect company operations and thus entry of the new products into the new market segment. National or regional politics have recently determined trade issues in various parts of the world, including Asia. Senior management should therefore consider being informed on political policies that may affect future business. China and India have been on the forefront on the process of creating friendly political processes for companies to establish operations (Pelsmacker 2006). Nivea is thus poised to benefit from friendly trade regime from the two countries. The company can even take advantage of improving investment opportunities in the region to produce therein and consequently supply to other countries in the region as well as worldwide. The company will thus be creating a strong foundation for competitiveness against local and international industry players. Economic: This is among the driving factors leading to Nivea’s entry into the Indian and Chinese young adult market segment. Indeed, as described earlier, this segment has been experiencing expanding disposable incomes that can be used to become Nivea customers. Just like in other countries, the expanding middle class in China and India are having influence over rest of society that would like to copy behavior (Kapferer 2004). Endearing Nivea products to the middle class would eventually see rest of population in the two countries becoming consumers. The region holds good fortunes considering that economic progress being experienced currently is poised to continue in coming decades. It is for this reason that Nivea should seize the opportunity of embarking on supplying new products in the Asian sub-market. Social: This factor regards social sensitiveness that the company has to consider, especially before entering the market segments. This should especially be considered in the two months prior to supplying company products in the region. The social issues should further be considered when preparing for advertisements that must not be offending in any way. In addition, the target market should be able to connect with the product socially, which could include packaging and presentation. Having products connecting with people socially, or which tend to promote local culture would go a long way in endearing the new Nivea to target market. Any clash with the local culture and customs could result to the company being out competed by other industrial players. Technological: The technological factor refers to production and production processes used to manufacture products and subsequently supply to consumers. Nivea management should in the two months before rolling out the products ensure putting the technology in place. In addition, Nivea’s senior management should embark on being on the forefront of using modern technologies that would improve productivity. Embarking on taking this route would provide the company with long run high productivity, meaning that only high quality products would be generated from Nivea. Relying on technology for continued quality improvement would result to more endearment with consumers in the region. Management should thus embark on improving technology in order to keep improving. Environmental: The environmental factor is hereby taken to mean issues affecting the industry as a whole. This especially includes the size of competition and the future of the industry. The number of competitors is a key determinant of competitiveness. Few players does not necessarily mean low competition as more companies can enter the industry in later time periods. Industrial effect on environment is also addressed in this factor. Participants have to thus ensure reducing and totally eliminating the effect of operations on the environment, such pollution. Governments in various parts of the world have heavy fines and punishments to companies and individuals whose operations affect environment negatively. Companies have on the other hand embarked on reducing effects on environment as part of their corporate social responsibility (Bruhn 2002), which is something that Nivea should take seriously in China and India. Legislative: This factor applies to government policies that could affect operations relating to production and supply of skin care products in respective jurisdictions. This is a factor that Nivea cannot in any way control. The company should be well prepared to deal with new legislations that could come before and after launching new products in the market. In addition, the responsible managers should embark on developing ways and means of coping with operational changes that could come with new legislations. Overcoming legislative challenges should form the key foundation for success in the market segments, considering positive relationship between the company regulatory authorities and consumers. Part II: Internal Audit This second part highlights internal factors that Nivea can use to create strong foundation for success in the new market segments and its new product line. The company has been in the business of manufacturing and supplying skin care products since 1911 (Nivea 2008). The company has since expanded operations to many parts of the world, but has in most cases supplied products manufactured for older market. Indeed, the current undertaking would be among few occasions that Nivea has embarked on developing new products for new markets. The SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Analysis below illustrates how the company needs to apply before, during and after launching. Strengths: Nivea’s track record of manufacturing is among the strengths that will make market penetration in the new segment possible. Company products thus command a huge following in historical markets, which could be replicated in the new markets. The strength of going at greater lengths to meet consumer demands is best being applied in the Asian market through new products. This start by designing products that easily meet consumer skin care needs adequately. The second step is the organizational culture of getting customer feedback on all products, whether new or old in respective markets (Flapper 2005; Pecotich 2006). This allows consumers to express their concerns or satisfactions with the products. The target market in India and China would thus get opportunities to inform Nivea representatives on how the new products could be improved. The company can thus embark on improving the products in line with consumer demands and tastes. The long-term result is continued improvement of company products’ competitiveness in the lucrative Asian market. Weaknesses: The entry into wholly new market segment with brand new products serves as the greatest weakness, considering that the company has certainly never had such undertaking in the region. There are few learning opportunities for the involved officials to get lessons. However, notes Keller (2006) Nivea has a history of turning weaknesses into business opportunities that have been exploited to the maximum—this should also happen with introduction on new products in the Asian sub-market, especially in the beginning stages. Opportunities: The improving economic conditions in the fast developing Asian countries provide ripe market for Nivea skincare products. Ever increasing segment of the populations having more funds to spend on company products. Nivea should thus position itself in tapping into this lucrative market. In addition, the company should take advantage of the improving business environment in the region. China and India are increasingly becoming competitive in the international arena, which has resulted to many companies setting operations there. Companies that have taken advantage of reduced operational costs. Nivea, too, should embark on setting foot in the two countries, and subsequently produce for local market and export to other countries. Threats: Competition from local and international firms brings out major threats for Nivea entry into the new company. Local companies have for many years been able to perfect respective products to international standards (Hymes 2007). This has made them formidable competitors in skin care industry. New entrants therefore understand they are up against tough players. Naivea management further needs to consider that international skin care industry participants are also eying the same Asian market, which compounds competitive challenges. Bust as illustrated earlier, Nivea has had a history of outdoing competition on many fronts. Repeating this feat in China and India is thus more likely to happen.

Pomi

Principles of Measurement (International) For Works of Construction JUNE 1979 Published by RICS Business Services Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, under the RICS Books imprint, Surveyor Court Westwood Business Park Coventry, CV4 8JE UK No responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material included in this publication can be accepted by the authors, publisher or The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. The views expressed and the conclusions drawn in this book are those of the authors. ISBN 0 85406 108 8 First Edition 1979 Reprinted 1988, 1991, 1994, 2001, 2002 and 2004  © RICS 1988. Copyright in all or part of this publication rests with the RICS, and save by prior consent of the RICS, no part or parts of this publication shall be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, now known or to be devised. Printed by Q3 Print, Loughborough Foreword The use of bills of quantities is a well-established means of enabling the financial control and management of building works. The key to the success of the use of bills of quantities is a clear understanding by all parties to the contract of what is included, or excluded, in the measurement. It is this that gives rise to the requirement for clearly defined standard methods of measurement. Since these principles of measurement were first issued in 1979, many countries have developed their own more detailed standard methods. A recent survey of its international membership carried out for the RICS Construction Faculty by the Building Cost Information Service (BCIS) identified that 14 of the 32 responding countries had their own method of measurement. However, the Principles of Measurement (International) (POMI) were still being used in about half of the countries and are still widely used on international contracts. There has been a trend in the UK and elsewhere to move away from measurement-based procurement, passing the responsibility for measuring the building work down the supply chain to the contractor or sub-contractor. However, research commissioned by the Construction Faculty showed that where bills of quantities were not provided as part of the procurement process, 95% of contractors would undertake their own measurement, with the majority of this carried out in accordance with the current Standard Method of Measurement (SMM). There is no doubt that the proliferation of procurement practices will continue. However, in circumstances in which there is a degree of design certainty before the contractor is appointed, measurement-based procurement will still be appropriate. Furthermore, where design decisions are being passed down the supply chain, measurement should be undertaken at the level at which the design is carried out, in order to remove the need for duplication. It is in the interests of the industry as a whole, including its clients, that measurement is carried out consistently. There is therefore a continued need for standard methods of measurement and, by implication, a continued need for measurement skills. These principles require a detailed specification and tender drawings to be provided. RICS recognises that circumstances vary from country to country, and from contract to contract, and that the principles therefore need to be flexible in order to accommodate variations in practice and techniques. Any comments on the principles should be sent to the RICS Construction Faculty, at 12 Great George Street, Parliament Square, London, SW1P 3AD. The principles are also available in French, German and Arabic. RICS is grateful to the original authors: Michael Rainbird, Alan Charter, James Diebel, Derek Lawrence and Michael Pagulatos. Simon Cash Chairman RICS Construction Faculty December 2003 Contents SECTION GP – GENERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP2 Bills of quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 GP3 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP5 Description of items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 GP6 Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GP7 Goods, materials or services to be pr ovided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP8 Work to be executed by a government or public authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP9 Dayworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/3 GPI0 Contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 SECTION A – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A2 Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A3 Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A4 Contractor's administrative arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A5 Constructional plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A6 Employer's facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A7 Contractor's facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 A8 Temporary works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A9 Sundry items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 SECTION B – SITE WORK B1 Site exploration generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B2 Trial holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B3 Boreholes (including pumping test wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B4 Site preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 B5 Demolitions and alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B6 Shoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B7 Underpinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B8 Earthworks generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B9 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B10 Dredging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B11 Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B12 Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B13 Piling generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B14 Driven piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B15 Bored piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B16 Sheet piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B17 Performance designed piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B18 Testing piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B19 Underground drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B20 Paving and surfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B21 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B22 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B23 Railway work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B24 Tunnel excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 B25 Tunnel linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B26 Tunnel support and stabilisat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SECTION C – CONCRETE WORK C1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C2 Poured concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C3 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C4 Shuttering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C5 Precast concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C6 Prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C7 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/11 SECTION D – MASONRY D1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D2 Walls and piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D3 Sills, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 04 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D5 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SE:CTION E – METALWORK E1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 E2 Structural metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11/12 E3 Non structural metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SECTION F – WOODWORK F1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F2 Structural timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F3 Boarding and flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F4 Grounds and battens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Finishings and fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/13 Composlte items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sundry items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SECTION G – THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION G1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G2 Coverings and linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G3 Damp-proof courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 G4 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SECTION H – DOORS AND WINDOWS H1 Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H2 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 H3 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 H4 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H5 Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H6 Patent glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 SECTION J – FINISHES J1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 J2 Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J3 Finishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J4 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J5 Suspended ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J6 Decorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J7 Signwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION K – ACCESSORIES K1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 K2 Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION L – EQUIPMENT L1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION M – FURNISHINGS M1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 M2 Curtain track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION N – SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION N1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N2 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N3 Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION P – CONVEYING SYSTEMS P1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P2 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P3 Work incidental to conveying systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION Q – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS Q1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q2 Pipework and gutterwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q3 Ductwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q4 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q5 Automatic controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q6 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q7 Insulation, including linings and protective coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q8 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q9 Work incidental to mechanical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SECTI ON R – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS R1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R2 Main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R3 Sub-main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R4 Final sub-circuits and auxiliary installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R5 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R6 Control gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R7 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R8 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 R9 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 R10 Work incidental to electrical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 APPENDIX Amendments to principles of measurement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 SECTION GP – GENERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement GP1. 1 Principles of measurement These principles of measurement provide a uniform basis for measuring bills of quantities for works of construction. More detailed information than is required by this document may measurement be given to define the precise nature of work or the circumstances under which it is to be carried out. Amendments to these principles of measurement for use in a particular locality or adopted for work not envisaged by this document shall be stated; an appendix is provided for such amendments to be recorded. These principles of measurement may be applied equally to the measurement of proposed works and of completed works. Bills of quantities The objects of bills of quantities are: 1. To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by providing for measurement of quantities on a uniform basis 2. To provide a basis for the financial control of a project, in accordance with the conditions of contract. Bills of quantities shall describe and represent the works to be carried out; work which cannot be measured accurately shall be described as approximate or given in bills of approximate quantities. Conditions of contract, drawings and specifications shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The section headings and classifications do not impose restrictions upon the format and presentation of bills of quantities. Measurement Work shall be measured net as fixed in position and each measurement shall be taken to the nearest 10 millimetres; this principle shall not apply to dimensions stated in descriptions. Unless otherwise stated, no deduction shall be made from items required to be measured by area for voids of less than 1. 00 m2. Minimum deductions of voids shall refer only to voids within the edges of measured areas; voids which are at the edges of measured areas shall always be deducted, irrespective of size. These principles of measurement may be used with other units of measurement but the particular amendments shall be stated. Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, a separate minor building or structure may be enumerated. Items to be fully inclusive Unless otherwise stated, all items shall be fully inclusive of all that is necessary to fulfill the Items to be fully liabilities and obligations arising out of the contract and shall include: 1. Labour and all associated costs 2. Materials, goods and all associated costs 3. Provision of plant 4. Temporary works 5. Establishment charges, overheads and profit. Description of items Items which are required to be enumerated. or for which an item is required, shall be fully described. Items which are to be measured by length or depth shall state the cross-sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other information as may be appropriate; for items of pipework it shall be stated whether the diameter is internal or external. Items which are to be measured bv area shall state the thickness or such other information as may be appropriate. Items which are to be measured by weight shall state the material thickness and unit weight if appropriate (for example, ductwork). GP1. 2 GP1. 3 GP2 Bills of quantities GP2. 1 GP2. 2 GP2. 3 GP2. 4 GP3 Measurement GP3. 1 GP3. 2 GP3. 3 GP3. 4 GP3. 5 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP4. 1 GP5 Description of items GP5. 1 GP5. 2 GP5. 3 GP5. 4 1 GP5. 5 Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, proprietary items may be measured in a manner appropriate to the manufacturer's tariff or customary practice. The description of items in bills of quantities may refer to other documents or drawings and any reference to such information shall be understood to fulfill any requirement of these principles of measurement; alternatively, reference may be made to published information. Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which is required to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. An item shall be given in each case for assistance by the contractor, which shall include: 1. Use of contractor's administrative arrangements 2. Use of constructional plant 3. Use of contractor's facilities 4. Use of temporary works 5. Space for specialist's offices and stores 6. Clearing away rubbish 7. Scaffolding required by the specialist, giving particulars 8. Unloading, distributing, hoisting and placing in position items of plant, machinery or the like, giving particulars. Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, goods, materials or services which are required to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. Fixing goods and materials shall be given in accordance with the relevant clauses in these principles of measurement; fixing shall be understood to include unloading, storing, distributing and hoisting the, goods and materials. Particulars shall be given of any requirements for the contractor to arrange for delivery or pay any costs of conveying goods or materials. Work to be executed by a government or public authority Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which may only be carried out or by a government or public authority shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. An item shall be given in each case for assistance by the contractor as described in clause GP6. . Dayworks The cost of labour in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, a schedule of the different categories of labour may be given containing a provisional quantity of hours for each category. The cost of labour included in a sum or schedule shall include wages, bonuses and all allowances paid to operatives directly engaged on dayworks (including those operating mechanical plant and transport) in accordance with t he appropriate employment agreement or, where no such agreement exists, the actual payments made to the work people concerned. The cost of materials in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, 3 schedule may be given containing a provisional quantity of different materials. The cost of materials included in a sum or schedule shall be the net invoiced price, including delivery to site. The cost of constructional plant employed exclusively in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, a schedule of the different categories of plant may be given containing a provisional quantity of hours, or such other period of time as may be appropriate, for each category. The cost of constructional plant included in a sum or schedule shall include fuel, consumable stores, repairs, maintenance and insurance of plant. An item shall be given for the addition of establishment charges. overheads and profit to each of the sums or schedules of labour, materials or plant. Description of items (continued) GPS. 6 GP6 GP6. 1 Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer GP6. 2 GP7 GP7. 1 GP7. 2 Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer GP8 GP8. 1 Work to be executed by a government or public authority GP8. 2 GP9 GP9. 1 Dayworks GP9. 2 GP9. 3 GP9. 4 GP9. 5 GP9. 6 GP9. 7 2 Dayworks (continued) GP9. 8 Establishment charges, overheads and profit shall include: 1. Costs related to the employment of labour 2. Costs related to the storage of materials, including handling and waste in storage 3. Contractor's administrative arrangements 4. Constructional plant, except plant employed exclusively on dayworks 5. Contractor's facilities 6. Temporary works 7. Sundry items. Contingencies GP10 GP 10. 1 Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, contingencies shall be given as a sum; no item shall be given for the addition of profit. SECTION A – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract A1. 1 A1. 2 Conditions of contract A schedule of the clause headings shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Where there is an appendix to the conditions of contract requiring insertions to be made, a schedule of the insertions shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Specification Where the specification contains clauses related to any of the following General Requirements, the bills of quantities shall make reference to the appropriate clauses. Restrictions Particulars shall be given of any restrictions, which shall include: 1. Access to and possession or use of the site 2. Limitations of working space 3. Limitations of working hours 4. The maintenance of existing services on, under or over the site 5. The execution or completion of the work in any specific order, sections or phases 6. Items of a like nature. Contractor's administrative arrangements An item shall be given for contractor's administrative arrangements, which shall include: 1. Site administration 2. Supervision 3. Security 4. Safety, health and welfare of workpeople 5. Transport of workpeople. Constructional plant An item shall be given for constructional plant, which shall include: 1. Small plant and tools 2. Scaffolding 3. Cranes and lifting plant 4. Site transport 5. Plant required for specific trades. Employer's facilities Particulars shall be given of any facilities required for the employer or the employer's representatives, which shall include: 1. Temporary accommodation (for example, offices, laboratories, living accommodation), including heating, cooling, lighting, furnishing, attendance or related facilities 2. Telephones, including costs of calls; alternatively, the cost of calls may be given as a sum 3. Vehicles 4. Attendance of staff (for example, drivers, laboratory assistants) 5. Equipment (for example, surveyor laboratory equipment) 6. Special requirements for programmes or progress charts 7. Any other facilities (for example, progress photographs, signboards). A2 Specification A2. 1 A3 Restrictions A3. 1 A4 Contractor's administrative arrangements A4. l A5 Constructional plant A5. 1 A6 Employer's facilities A6. 1 3 A7 A 7. 1 Contractor's facilities An item shall be given for facilities required by the contractor, which shall include: 1. Accommodation and buildings, including offices, laboratories, compounds, stores, messrooms and living accommodation 2. Temporary fencing, including hoardings, screens, roofs and guardrails 3. Temporary roads, including hardstandings and crossings 4. Water for the works; particulars shall be given if water will be supplied to the contractor 5. Lighting and power for the works; particulars shall be given if current will be supplied to the contractor 6. Temporary telephones. Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the facilities is not at the discretion of the contractor. Temporary works An item shall be given for temporary works, which shall include: 1. Traffic diversion 2. Access roads 3. Bridges 4. Cofferdams 5. Pumping 6. De-watering 7. Compressed air for tunnelling. Particulars shall be given where the nature r extent of the temporary works is not at the discretion of the contractor. Sundry items An item shall be given for sundry items, which shall include: 1. Testing of materials 2. Testing of the works 3. Protecting the works from inclement weather 4. Removing rubbish, protective casings and coverings and cleaning the works at completion 5. Traffic re gulations 6. Maintenance of public and private roads ‘ 7. Drying the works 8. Control of noise and pollution 9. All statutory obligations Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the sundry items is not at the discretion of the contractor. Sundry items Temporary works Contractor's facilities A7. 2 A8 A8. 1 A8. 2 A9 A9. 1 A9. 2 SECTION B – SITE WORK B1 B1. 1 B1. 2 B1. 3 B2 B2. 1 Site exploration generally Keeping records of site observations, site tests and laboratory tests shall be given as an item. Samples, site observations, site tests, a oratory tests an analyses shall be given as an item, Providing reports shall be given as an item. Trial holes Excavating trial holes shall be measured by depth, taken along the centre line, stating the number and the maximum depth below commencing level. Earthwork support which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be measured by depth. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Driving boreholes shall be measured by depth, taken along the centre line, stating the number and the maximum depth below commencing level; raking boreholes shall be so described. Lining which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be measured by depth. Cap pings shall be enumerated. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Trial holes Site exploration generally B2. 2 B3 B3. 1 B3. 2 B3. 3 4 B4 Site preparation B4. 1 B4. 2 B4. 3 Site preparation Removing isolated trees shall be enumerated. Removing hedges shall be measured by length. Site clearance, which shall include removing vegetation, undergrowth, bushes, hedges, trees or the like, shall be measured by area. Demolitions and alterations The location of each item shall be given. Unless otherwise stated, old materials shall be understood to become the property of the contractor and shall be cleared away; old materials required to remain the property of the employer shall be so described. Removing individual fittings, fixtures, engineering installations or the like from an existing structure shall each be given as an item. Demolishing individual structures (or part thereof) shall each be given as an item; alternatively, demolishing all structures on a site may be given as an item. Cutting openings in existing structures and alterations to existing structures shall each be given as an item; making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Temporary screens and roofs shall be given as an item. Shoring Shoring incidental to demolitions and alterations, together with clearing away and making good all work damaged, shall be understood to be included. Shoring (other than that incidental to demolitions and alterations) shall be given as an item, stating the location; clearing away and making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Particulars shall be given where the design of the shoring is not at the discretion of the contractor. Shoring which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Underpinning Work in underpinning shall be given under an appropriate heading, stating the location. Unless otherwise stated, work shall be measured in accordance with the appropriate sections of this document. Temporary support shall be given as an item; particulars shall be given where the design of the temporary support is not at the discretion of the contractor. Excavation shall be measured by volume, taken to the outside line of the projecting foundations or to the outside line of the new foundations (whichever is the greater), classified as follows: 1. Excavation in preliminary trenches down to the base of the existing foundations 2. Excavation below the base of the existing foundations. Cutting away projecting foundations shall be measured by length. Earthworks generally Any information available concerning the nature of the ground and strata shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The quantities for excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be understood to be the bulk before excavation, and no allowance shall be made for any ‘orking space or subsequent variation in bulk; existing voids shall be deducted. Multiple handling of materials and transporting about the site shall be understood to be included; multiple handling which is required by the specification shall be so described in the item of disposal. Earthwork support shall be given as an item. Excavation in rock shall be so described; alternatively, it may be measured as extra over excavation (that is, B5 Demolitions and alterations B5. 1 B5. 2 B5. 3 B5. 4 B5. 5 B6 Shoring B6. 1 B6. 2 B6. 3 B6. 4 B7 Underpinning B7. 1 B7. 2 B7. 3 B7. 4 B7. 5 B8 Earthworks generally B8. 1 B8. 2 B8. 3 B8. 4 B8. 5 5 the volume of rock shall be measured bur no deduction shall be made from the volume of excavation in which the rock occurs). B8. 6 For the purposes of measurement rock is defined as any material met with which is of such size or position that. n the opinion of the employer's representative. It can only be removed by means of wedges, special plant or explosives. Excavation Unless otherwise stated, excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied by the permanent construction, or vertically above any part of the permanent construction, classified as follows: 1. Oversite excavation to remove top soil, stating the average depth 2. Excavation to reduce levels 3. Excavation in cuttings 4. Basement excavation 5. Trench excavation to receive foundations, which shall include pile caps and ground beams 6. Pit excavation to receive foundation bases, stating the number 7. Excavation for diaphragm walls, stating the width of the permanent construction and the type of support fluid. Excavation of trenches for service pipes, drain pipes, cables or the like shall each be measured by length, stating the average depth; disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. For excavation in tunnelling see clause B24. Dredging Dredging shall be measured by volume, stating the location and limits; unless otherwise stated, measurement shall be understood to be taken from soundings. Disposal Disposal of material arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be measured by volume as equal to the volume of excavation, dredging or tunnelling and each shall be classified as follows: 1. Backfilled into excavation 2. Backfilled in making up levels 3. Backfilled oversite to make up levels, giving details of special contouring, embankments or the like 4. Removed, which shall include providing a suitable tip. Filling Filling material (other than that arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling) shall be measured by volume as equal to the void to be filled, classified as follows: 1. Filled into excavation 2. Filled in making up levels 3. Filled oversite to make up levels, giving details of special contouring, embankments or the like. Piling generally For the purposes of measurement, driven piling shall include timber, precast concrete or metal piles. Other piling systems (for example, preformed casing with concrete filling) shall be measured in accordance with the principles for driven piling or bored piling as may be appropriate. Unless otherwise stated, reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with Section C. Driven piling Supplying piles shall be measured by length, stating the number; reinforcement shall be given separately. Heads and shoes shall be enumerated. Driving piles shall be measured by length, taken from the pile point in contact with the ground when pitched to the pile point when driven, stating the number; driving piles on rake shall be so described. Cutting off tops of piles and connections for lengthening piles shall be enumerated. Earthworks generally (continued) B9 B9. 1 Excavation B9. 2 B9. 3 B10 B10. 1 Dredging B11 B11. 1 Disposal B12 B12. 1 Filling B13 B13. 1 B13. 2 Piling generally B13. 3 B14 B14. 1 B14. 2 B14. 3 Driven piling B14. 4 6 B15 Bored piling B15. 1 Bored piling Boring for piles shall be measured by length, taken from the formation level of the ground to the bottom of the pile hole, stating the number; the measurement shall include for blind boring when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Boring through rock shall be measured by length as extra over boring for piles (that is, the length of boring through rock shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the total length of boring). Linings for piles shall be measured by length. Disposal of material arising from boring shall be measured in accordance with clause B11. Concrete filling shall be measured by volume. Cutting off tops of piles and forming enlarged bases shall be enumerated. Sheet piling The measurements for sheet piling shall be taken along the centre line. Supplying sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken as the area when in final position. Corner piles or the like shall be measured by length. Driving sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken from the formation level of the ground to the bottom edge of the sheet piling when driven; strutting and waling and withdrawing sheet piling shall be understood to be included. Cutting sheet piling shall be measured by length. Sheet piling which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Performance designed piling Performance designed piles shall be enumerated; reinforcement and disposal of material arising from boring shall be understood to be included. Details shall be given when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Testing piling Testing piling, which shall include trial piles and testing working piles, shall be given as an item. Underground drainage Drain pipes shall be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings; drain pipes within inspection chambers or the like shall be so described and shall be understood to drainage include fixings and supports. Drain fittings in the length (for example, bends, junctions) shall be enumerated, grouped together for each size of pipe and described as ‘fittings'. Drain accessories (for example, gullies, traps) shall be enumerated; concrete surrounds and additional excavation shall be understood to be included. Concrete beds and coverings for drain pipes shall each be measured by length, stating the diameter of the pipe; surrounds to vertical pipes shall be so described and shall be understood to include formwork. Inspection chambers or the like shall be enumerated; alternatively, they may be measured in accordance ‘ith the relevant sections of this document and given under an appropriate heading. Connections to existing drains shall be enumerated, subject to clause GP8. Paving and surfacing Paving and surfacing shall be measured by area. Expansion joints and ‘ater stops shall be measured by length. B15. 2 B15. 3 B15. 4 B15. 5 B15. 6 B16 Sheet piling B16. 1 B16. 2 B16. 3 B16. 4 B16. 5 B16. 6 B17 B17. 1 B17. 2 B18 Testing piling B18. 1 B19 Underground drainage B19. 1 B19. 2 B19. 3 B19. 4 B19. 5 B19. 6 B20 Paving and surfacing B20. 1 B20. 2 7 B20. 3 B21 B21. 1 Channels, curbs, edgings or the like shall be measured by length; curved work shall be so described. Fencing Fencing, which shall include posts and supports in the length, shall be measured by length; excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. Special posts (for example, gate posts, straining posts) shall be enumerated; excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. Gates, barriers or the like shall be enumerated. Finishes shall be measured in accordance with Section J. Landscaping Cultivating and fertilising ground shall be measured by area. Soiling, seeding and turfing shall be measured by area. Hedges shall be measured by length. Trees and shrubs shall be enumerated. Railway work Track, guard rails and conductor rails shall each be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings; curved work shall be so described. Sleepers and chairs shall be enumerated. Switches and crossings shall be enumerated, classified as follows: 1. Switches and turnouts 2. Diamond crossings 3. Single slip crossings 4. Double slip crossings 5. Other switches and crossings. Ballast shall be measured by volume, without deduction for track, classified as follows: 1. Bottom ballast, placed before the track is laid 2. Top ballast, placed after the track is laid. Concrete track foundations shall be measured by length, except that overwidth foundations for switches and crossings shall be measured by area; reinforcement and shuttering shall be understood to be included. Bitumen filler to complete rail assemblies shall be measured by length. Buffer stops, wheel stops or the like shall be enumerated. Signalling installations shall be measured in accordance with Section L or Section R. Tunnel excavation Excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied, including the volume of permanent linings, grouped as may be appropriate to identify different lengths and classified as follows: 1. Straight tunnels 2. Straight shafts 3. Curved tunnels 4. Curved shafts 5. Tapered tunnels 6. Tapered shafts 7. Other cavities, which shall include transitions, breakaways and intersections between shafts and tunnels. Forward probing shall be measured by length, stating the number of probes. For disposal see clause B11. Paving and surfacing (continued) Fencing B21. 2 B21. 3 B21. 4 B22 B22. 1 B22. 2 B22. 3 B22. 4 B23 B23. 1 Landscaping Railway work B23. 2 B23. 3 B23. 4 B23. 5 B23. 6 B23. 7 B23. 8 B24 B24. 1 Tunnel excavation B24. 2 B24. 3 8 B25 Tunnel linings B25. 1 Tunnel linings Poured concrete linings shall be measured by area, stating whether spray or cast concrete, classified as follows: 1. lining 2. Secondary lining. Preformed segmental tunnel linings shall be enumerated. Tunnel support and stabilisation Timber supports shall be measured by volume. Sprayed concrete supports and reinforcement shall be measured by area. Rock bolts shall be measured by length. Face packers shall be enumerated. Metal arch supports shall be measured by weight. Injection of grout materials shall be measured by weight. B25. 2 B26 Tunnel support and stabilisation B26. 1 B26. 2 B26. 3 B26. 4 B26. 5 B26. 6 SECTION C – CONCRETE WORK C1 Generally C1. 1 C1. 2 Generally Reinforced poured concrete and plain poured concrete shall each be so described. Poured concrete required by the specification to be placed, compacted, cured or otherwise treated in a particular manner shall be so described. No deduction shall be made for voids less than 1. 00 m3, nor for the volume of any reinforcement or structural metal enclosed in the concrete, except that voids caused by boxed or tubular structural metalwork shall always be deducted. Unless otherwise described, horizontal surfaces of concrete shall be understood to be tamped. Poured concrete Unless otherwise stated, poured concrete shall be measured by volume, classified as follows: 1. Foundations, which shall include combined or isolated bases 2. Pile caps, which shall include ground beams 3. Blinding 4. Beds, which shall include roads and footpaths, stating the thickness 5. Suspended slabs, which shall include floors, landings, roofs or the like, stating the thickness 6. Walls, which shall include attached columns, stating the thickness 7. Columns, which shall include casing to metal stancheons 8. Beams (measured below the slab), which shall include lintels and casing to metal beams 9. Staircases, which shall include steps and strings 10. Diaphragm walls 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate. Poured concrete suspended slabs of special construction, including floors, landings, roofs or the like, shall be measured by area; coffered and troughed slabs shall be so described, giving details of solid margins or the like. Where an item is required to be measured by volume and the thickness stated, then items of differing thickness may be grouped together, provided that the range of the different thicknesses is stated. Reinforcement The weight of bar reinforcement shall be the net weight without addition for rolling margin, supports, spacers or tying wire. Bar reinforcement shall be measured by weight, stating the diameter; bars of iffering diameters shall be given separately. Fabric reinforcement shall be measured by area, without addition for laps. C1. 3 C1. 4 C2 Poured concrete C2. 1 C2. 2 C2. 3 C3 Reinforcement C3. 1 C3. 2 C3. 3 9 C3. 4 C4 C4. 1 Reinforcement shall be given as an item where the detailed design work is the responsibility of the contractor. Shuttering Unless ot herwise stated, shuttering shall be measured by area, taken as the net area in contact with the finished face of concrete, classified as follows: 1. Soffits; shuttering to soffits of special construction shall be so described 2. Sloping soffits, which shall include soffits of staircases 3. Sloping upper surfaces, which shall include surfaces more than 15 ° from horizontal 4. Sides of foundations, which shall include bases, pile caps and ground beams 5. Sides of walls, which shall include attached columns 6. Returns to walls, which shall include ends, projections and reveals of openings or recesses 7. Sides and soffits of beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits; isolated beams shall be so described 8. Sides and soffits of sloping beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits; isolated beams shall be so described 9. Sides of columns 10. Staircases, which shall include treads, isers and strings but exclude soffits 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridges, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate. Shuttering to edges, which shall include face of curb or upstand or break in upper surface of floor, shall be measured by length; items of differing height may be grouped together, provided that the range of different heights is stated. Grooves, which shall include throats, rebates, chamfers or the like, 2500 mm2 sectional area or over shall be measured by length; grooves less than 2500 mm2 sectional area shall be understood to be included. Shuttering may be enumerated where it is more appropriate to do so (for example, decorative features). Shuttering which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Shuttering to curved, conical and spherical surfaces shall each be so described. Shuttering to provide a special finish shall be so described. Unless otherwise stated, if the volume of concrete has not been deducted, shuttering to the faces of a void shall be understood to be included. Precast concrete Moulds for precast units shall be understood to be included. Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 and given under an appropriate heading; alternatively, it may be described in the item. Floor slabs, partition slabs or the like shall be measured by area. .' Lintels, sills, duct covers or the like shall be measured by length; alternatively, duct covers may be measured by area. Structural units (for example, beams, stanchions, tunnel rings) shall be enumerated. Padstones, cappings or the like shall be enumerated. Prestressed concrete Prestressed concrete work shall be given under an appropriate heading. Prestressed concrete shall be measured by volume, classified in accordance with clause C2. Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3; supporting steel wires or cables shall be measured by weight. Shuttering shall be measured in accordance with clause C4, stating whether to pre-tensioned or post-tensioned members. Sundries Surfaces finished to falls or cross-falls shall be measured by area. Reinforcement (continued) Shuttering C4. 2 C4. 3 C4. 4 C4. 5 C4. 6 C4. 7 C4. 8 C5 C5. 1 C5. 2 Precast concrete C5. 3 C5. 4 C5. 5 C5. 6 C6 C6. 1 C6. 2 C6. 3 Prestressed concrete C6. 4 C7 C7. 1 Sundries 0 Sundries (continued) C7. 2 C7. 3 C7. 4 C7. 5 Surface finishes shall be measured by area, except that tamped finishes shall be understood to be included. Expansion material or the like shall be measured by area. Designed joints, water stops, cast-in channels or the like shall be measured by length. Forming sinkings, channels or the like shall be measured by length and, where approp riate, the item may include additional excavation, hardcore, shuttering and concrete; alternatively, they may be enumerated. Fixings, ties, inserts or the like shall be enumerated; alternatively, they may be measured by area. Mortices, holes or the like shall be understood to be included. C7. 6 C7. 7 SECTION D – MASONRY D1 Generally D1. 1 D1. 2 D2 Walls and piers D2. 1 Generally Sloping, battering and curved work shall each be so described. Reinforced masonry shall be so described. Walls and piers Walls and piers shall be measured by area, classified as follows: 1. Walls; integral piers shall be measured as walls of combined pier and wall thickness 2. Walls built against other construction 3. Cavity walls measured as a composite item, including skins and cavity; alternatively, the skins and cavity may each be measured by area. Closing cavity walls at ends or around openings shall be understood to be included 4. Isolated piers. Faced or fair faced work shall each be so described; alternatively, it may be measured as extra over walls, stating whether faced or fair faced on one or both sides (that is, the area of faced or fair faced work shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the area of walling on which the faced or fair faced work occurs). Sills, etc. Sills, copings, oversailing or receding courses or the like shall be measured by length. Arches shall be measured by length. Reinforcement Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3; alternatively, fabric reinforcement may be measured by length. Sundries Concrete filling to cavities shall be measured by area. Expansion joints or the like shall be measured by length. Air bricks or the like shall be enumerated. D2. 2 D3 Sills, etc. D3. 1 D3. 2 D4 Reinforcement D4. 1 D5 Sundries D5. 1 D5. 2 D5. 3 SECTION E – METALWORK E1 Generally E1. 1 Generally The weight of metalwork shall be the net weight, without addition for rolling margin or welding material and without deduction for holes, splay cuts, notches or the like. Welded, riveted or bolted work shall each be so described. Structural metalwork Unless otherwise stated, structural metalwork shall be measured by weight, classified as follows: 1. Grillages 2. Beams 3. Stanchions E1. 2 E2 Structural metalwork E2. 1 11 4. 5. 6. 7. E2. 2 E2. 3 E2. 4 E2. 5 Portal frames, stating the number Roof trusses, stating the number Support steelwork, which shall include sheeting rails, braces, struts or the like Other classifications, as may be appropriate. Structural metalwork (continued) Fittings (for example, caps, brackets) shall be given as an item. Fixings (for example, bolts, distance pieces, rivets) shall be given as an item. Wedging and grouting bases or the like shall be enumerated. Holding down bolts or the like shall be enumerated; temporary boxes and grouting shall be understood to be included. Protective treatment shall be given as an item. Non-structural metalwork Floor plates, duct covers, sheet metal coverings and linings or the like shall be measured by area. Bearers, balustrades, handrails (except where included with a staircase), frames or the like shall be measured by length. Matwell frames, cat ladders, gates, staircases or the like shall be enumerated. Non-structural metalwork E2. 6 E3 E3. 1 E3. 2 E3. 3 SECTION F – WOODWORK F1 F1. 1 Generally Timber which is sawn (that is, not milled) and timber which is finished (that is, milled) shall each be so described. Descriptions of timber members shall state whether the sizes are basic (that is, before machining) or finished (that is, milled, within permitted deviations). Structural timbers Structural timbers shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Floors and flat roofs 2. Pitched roofs 3. Walls 4. Kerbs, bearers or the like 5. Cleats, sprockets or the like. Strutting and bridging between joists shall be measured by length, taken overall the joists. Boarding and flooring Unless otherwise stated, boarding and flooring shall be measured by area, without addition for joints or laps, classified as follows: 1. Floors, which shall include landings 2. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and unattached columns 3. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases 4. Roofs, which shall include tops and cheeks of dormers and sides and bottoms of gutters, stating whether flat, sloping or vertical; firring pieces and bearers shall be understood to be included. Eaves and verge boards, which shall include fascias, barge boards or the like, shall be measured by length. Fillets and rolls shall be measured by length. Grounds and battens Open-spaced grounds and battens shall be measured by area, taken overall. Individual grounds and battens shall be measured by length. Framework Framework shall be measured by area, taken overall; alternatively, it may be measured by length. Framework Grounds and battens Boarding and flooring Structural timbers Generally F1. 2 F2 F2. 1 F2. 2 F3 F3. 1 F3. 2 F3. 3 F4 F4. 1 F4. 2 F5 F5. 1 12 F6 Finishings and fittings F6. 1 Finishings and fittings Finishings shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Cover fillets, which shall include architraves, skirtings or the like 2. Beads, which shall include stops or the like 3. Edgings, which shall include window boards, nosings or the like. Unless otherwise stated, fittings shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Work tops, which shall include seats or the like 2. Handrails or balustrades. Shelving shall be measured by area; alternatively, it may be measured by length. Backboards or the like shall be enumerated. Built-up members shall be so described. Plastic coverings or the like shall be described with the item on which they occur, stating whether on one or more faces; alternatively, they may be measured separately by area. Sheet linings shall be measured by area, classified as follows: 1. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and unattached columns 2. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases. Composite items Unless otherwise stated, composite items (which shall mean items which might be fabricated off-site whether or not they are fabricated off-site) shall be enumerated; all metal work or the like shall be understood to be included. Any associated work (for example, decorations) shall be measured in accordance with the relevant sections of this document. Sundry items Finished surfaces on sawn items shall be measured by length. Metalwork Metalwork items associated with woodwork shall be enumerated; alternatively, waterbars or the like may be measured by length. Ironmongery Units or sets of ironmongery shall be enumerated. F6. 2 F6. 3 F6. 4 F6. 5 F6. 6 F6. 7 F7 Composite items F7. 1 F7. 2 F8 Sundry items F8. 1 F9 Metalwork F9. 1 F10 Ironmongery F10. 1 SECTION G – THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION G1 Generally G1. 1 G1. 2 G2 Coverings and linings G2. l Generally Work shall be measured flat without addition for laps or seams. Curved, spherical and conical work shall each be so described. Coverings and linings Unless otherwise stated, roofing, tanking, waterproof coveri